The death of Christ on the cross and His atoning sacrifice is one of the most central doctrines in Christianity. Without the death of Christ, salvation would be impossible. For this reason, the author of Hebrews writes the following:

"Indeed, under the law almost everything is purified with blood, and without the shedding of blood there is no forgiveness of sins." (Hebrews 9:22)

Across the numerous schools of Christian theology, there is a significant amount of agreement that Christ's death was both sacrificial and atoning. But over the centuries, theologians have parted ways when it comes to the application of Christ's death to sinful men.

There are three main views regarding Christ's atonement:

• universalism (the most prominent belief in liberal Christianity),
• inconsistent universalism (the belief held by Arminians),
• particularism (the belief held by Calvinists).

Universalism and Inconsistent Universalism

According to Reformed theology, both of the following views on the atonement are heretical and unorthodox.

Universalism is the belief that Christ's blood covers the sins of all people who ever lived, period. There is no need to believe in Christ or to repent of one's sins. According to the Universalist, Christ has died and salvation has been guaranteed for everyone with no exception. But even a light reading of Scripture will show that universalism is contradictory with the message of Christ:

"I told you that you would die in your sins, for unless you believe that I am He you will die in your sins." (John 8:24)

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